A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Essay Example

A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Essay Example A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Paper A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Paper Exposition Topic: Emma This fiction tends to such issues as what might the neighbors figure, what might individuals at the workplace state, how safe are the kids around their mom when she is flushed, and what would martin be able to do to support his significant other and their marriage. This story is about the situation or choices Martin feels compelled to make managing liquor addiction. Liquor addiction can make families face troublesome choices In their lives and the maltreatment of liquor as a rule goes undetected until It Is past the point of no return. In this story, Martin Is attempting to see how Emily liquor misuse started;He himself had consistently delighted in a decent beverage. At the point when they were still In Alabama they had served long beverages or mixed drinks as per normal procedure. For a considerable length of time they had flushed on or two?possibly three beverages before supper, and at sleep time a long nightcap. Nights before occasions they may get a buzz on, might even turn into somewhat close. Be that as it may, liquor had never appeared to be an issue to him (66-67). Muscles expounds on the maltreatment of liquor and how it causes aggressive behavior at home, kid misuse or disregard and an enthusiastic strain on the family in general. Managing a friends and family liquor misuse can be genuinely depleting and that makes aggressive behavior at home quicken; There were seasons of unexplainable malignance, times when the alcoholic circuit caused a blast of uncivilized outrage (Muscles 67). Martin is attempting to keep his life stable and picture impeccable in everyones eyes. Concealing the way that Emily drank, he went similarly as employing a servant, at an expensive cost, to deal with the family unit. Be that as it may, the solid refusal or justification of Emily manhandling liquor made It very hard for Martin to support her: l havent the vaguest thought what you mean. Except if you are alluding to the glass I utilized for a spot of rush (Muscles 66). Along these lines, after he employed a servant, Emily then began to shroud her drinking. Before Martin knew it, the drinking was wild and the savagery began. Martin was shouting at Emily up in the room about her drinking and how wiped out he was about it and how awful it was for the family all in all. The contending proceeded down in the kitchen, when Emily showed up, presently shouting before the youngsters. Encounter and shouting is an indication of abusive behavior at home that can grow into more noteworthy, increasingly Intense brutality, and the kids are the ones who endure the expense. Liquor abuse doesn't just influence the individual drinking. It influences the whole family. Youngster misuse and disregard Is considerably more typical when there Is liquor maltreatment In the family. Muscles shows that Emails drinking made her disregard her childrens DSSSL needs In ten mission Tort more liquor . At the point when Marten came none en Tuna t childrens toys were left outside, just breakfast appeared to have been taken care of to the kids, and the youngsters were solo in the front room playing with lines and fittings while Emily was upstairs drinking. The story causes it to appear just as the hillier have been separated from everyone else since Emily served them breakfast and erroneously put cayenne on the toast rather than cinnamon. l like to have caught fire, Andy stated, Drank water and ran outside and opened my mouth (Muscles 65). Disregarding others requirements for the need to drink is just piece of the issue of liquor abuse. Youngster misuse happens all the more frequently when liquor is included, a few times unexpectedly by the client. At that point there was a mishap. Returning home from work one night about a year back, he was welcomed with shouts from the childrens room. He discovered Emily holding he infant, wet and stripped from her shower. The infant had been dropped, her fragile skull striking the table edge, with the goal that a string of blood was splashing into the gossamer hair. Emily was wailing and inebriated. (67) Martin is by all accounts conveying a ton of agony and worry for his significant other, his Job, his family and his life all in all. Emily is concealing dejection and despondency by drinking. Liquor addiction was causing an upsetting strain on them both. The strain was getting overpowering and youngsters were being influenced by it. Emily drinking causes a huge enthusiastic strain on Martin. He feels committed to conceal her drinking, and thinks that its difficult to manage Emily issue of sorrow. The inward passionate strain, all things considered, makes him loathe his significant other. Martin foreseen his own humiliation, thinking about whether the others at the workplace might speculate. He felt that his secretary experienced divined the difficulty quite a while in the past and felt sorry for him. He endured a snapshot of disobedience to his destiny; he loathed his significant other (69-70). His reasoning becomes overcome with his own resentment. He begins to contemplate the destiny of his future and the destiny of his youngsters and all looked shocking. He even imagines his youngsters dead. Life choices were being made in flurry and severely all on account of Emily liquor misuse. Liquor abuse can make families face troublesome choices. Muscles places Martin in an issue, a watched component of despise and love for Emily and what he would do about the liquor abuse. This story happens in the sasss when there was neither any program for liquor misuse, nor the need to publicize that there may be a maltreatment issue in your family. Most definitely he was separated from everyone else and only he would need to think of the answer for this issue. Muscles shows that Emily has the exemplary indications of Alcoholism: People who are reliant on liquor invest a lot of energy drinking liquor and they have memory slips (power outages) in the wake of drinking scenes. Did I cause a ruckus? Goodness, Martin, did I make a scene before the youngsters (Muscles 69)? Two minutes before saying that Emily was stooping on the floor conversing with her child. Liquor abuse changed Emily from a basic, Joyful lady, to a desolate, discouraged person. Toward the finish of the story Martin in distress and love takes a gander at his significant other as an alternate individual. Just because that night he took a gander at his significant other (Muscles 71). By moonlight he watched his significant other once and for all (Muscles 71). He bids farewell to the ladies he wedded, the normally basic ladies, the mother of his delightful kids and the individual he adores and began taking a gander at his significant other in another manner, as a drunkard. A Domestic Dilemma Day Carson Muscles snows ten outcomes, enduring Ana disregard that can emerge out of liquor misuse. In light of the liquor addiction, Martin forfeits his affection for Emily and their marriage for the wellbeing of himself and his kids.

Telecommunications free essay sample

A paper on broadcast communications and the idea of the executives and its applications inside the field. A paper which inspects the significance of good administration inside the media communications field because of the basic part PCs play in business today. Chapter by chapter guide Presentation and Background Examination Authoritative and Management Aspects Guaranteeing Effectiveness Accessible Options Suggestion The trough additionally needs to guarantee that the representatives are not underestimated if the framework falls flat. They ought not be accused for whatever isn't their own flaw on the grounds that occasionally or regularly gadgets, particularly PCs, are not all that dependable. This might be a direct result of an infection that has entered the framework or if there has been a flood in current that can make the framework glitch mostly or completely. In this way it is fundamental that legitimate principles are kept up by the chiefs to guarantee that the odds of such unanticipated occasions are kept from happening. We will compose a custom exposition test on Media communications or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Additionally the workers are invited with their accomplished proposals that might spare the arrangement from obliteration or defilement. (3)

U.S. Presidential Candidates Visit Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

U.S. Presidential Candidates Visit Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA benefits from an ideal location. New York City draws many prominent figures and our students have access to unparalleled opportunities to hear directly from those on the front lines of public policy and international affairs. A prime example recently occurred on September 11, 2008 when the U.S. Presidential candidates paid a visit to Columbia University. Their visit was part of the ServiceNation Summit. In an e-mail to students, Columbia University President Lee Bollinger said that ServiceNations mission fit well with Columbias interest in public service. It is entirely fitting for us to become part of this two-day conclave that will bring together so many admired leaders in our country to consider ways to expand the scope and scale of successful service programs throughout the nation. You can view video of the event by clicking here. The page you will visit contains videos of many others including Laura Bush, Jon Bon Jovi, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and Senators Chris Dodd and Orrin Hatch.

President Reagan And The Soviet Union - 1249 Words

During the cold war era, President Reagan’s strong anti-Soviet feelings and rhetorical â€Å"attack† style was an approach that his own administration saw as extreme and even dangerous (Rowland, p 23). And unlike many American leaders before him, who avoided the strained relations between the United States and Soviet Union, President Reagan set out to exploit and end communist tyranny. President Reagan’s devotion to ending tyranny was stronger than any other leader during the time period. For example, he criticized the Carter administration for their failure to deal with the adventurousness of the Soviet Union (Fisher, p 303). He believed that their foreign policy enabled the Soviet Union to view the United States in a weak and vulnerable state. President Reagan s staunch opposition to communism and his willingness to confront the Soviet Union during a time when it was not popular, played a key role in the failure of the Soviet Union. Aiding him in his lone stand against tyranny was his rhetoric style of ideological and moral clarity. A rhetoric style that he utilized to demonstrate a strong moral position towards the Soviet Union, while reducing the risk of conflict. In doing so he was able to set the stage for successful negotiation between the two nations (Rowland, p 24). This essay will examine Ronald Reagan s June 12, 1987, address at the Brandenburg Gate. Mainly, the rhetoric style of ideological and moral clarity, he utilized to exploit the Soviet Union, whileShow MoreRelatedPresident Ronald Reagan was the Great Communicator654 Words   |  3 PagesRonald Reagan â€Å"Great Communicator† was born on February 6th, 1911. He is considered by many to be the most successful president after FDR. He enjoyed many careers including lifeguard, movie star, union leader, and politician. He held office from January 1981 to January 1989. Never in history has there been a president with his kind of background. Reagan saw America as a good p lace he believed in balanced budgets but never submitted one. He hated nuclear weapons but built so many. He would wrightRead MoreJimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan Analysis1118 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan Analysis Paper HIS/145 January / 2014 â€Æ' Ronald Reagan was born in 1911 and died in 2004 the former president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 was also the governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Many people have mixed feelings of Ronald Reagan. Some did not like that Reagan was an actor before he became president of the United States. Attempted assassination In 1981 President Ronald Reagan survived an assassination attempt. The time was estimated around 2:25 p.mRead MoreThe Reagan Doctrine Of President Reagan1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reagan Doctrine The term â€Å"doctrine† definition is â€Å"A statement of authorized government policy, especially in overseas concerns and military strategy† (â€Å"Doctrine†, n.d.). The expression Presidential doctrine means an ideological platform that a president uses to spread a policy towards a country or region in order to accomplish foreign policy objectives for the United States. Presidents like James Monroe, Harry S. Truman, and Richard Nixon etc. articulated their policies but amongst these executiveRead MoreReagan And The Cold War1571 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Reagan served from January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 as President of the United States he is remembered as one of the best Presidents that the United States has ever had, He is vastly recognized because he served as president at the end of the Cold War, he was known as the president that â€Å"ended it†(the cold war). Though, the question remains in how? How was Reagan able to accomplish th e ending of something that had lasted so long (the Cold war)? Thus was a task only accomplished by him because;Read MoreAmerican History: Study Notes1649 Words   |  7 Pagesaltered the issue of campaign finance. And finally, the Watergate scandal altered the relationship between the media and politicians; giving the media the excuse for scrutinizing the most private aspects of a politicians personal life. In 1981, Ronald Reagan made Supply Side Economics the main economic policy for his presidential administration. This was the idea that lower taxes would spur economic growth, expand the economy, and ultimately increase tax revenue for the government. However, his opponentsRead MoreRonald Reagan s President Of The United States1129 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican people elected Ronald Reagan as President of the United States of America. Many people claim that Reagan was one of the greatest presidents of all time, while others believe that the country would have been much better off had Reagan never been elected. Regardless of their political preferences, it is undeniable that Ronald Reagan changed the world in the 1980s and his work as president will be forever remembered in the countless books of history. Ronald Reagan ran as a Republican and wasRead MoreRelationship between the United States and the Soviet Union1325 Words   |  5 Pagesyears between the United States and the So viet Union, President Ronald Reagan and his counterpart the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1980s should have focused on bright future by reducing the nuclear arms, because having a partnership, friendship and the common goal will move two nations toward success. On 1985, in an effort to improve the international situation, the United States and the Soviet Union have decided to hold a meeting in SwitzerlandRead MoreRonald Reagan s President Of The United States1192 Words   |  5 PagesWho knew a small town boy turned actor would become our most impactful president? Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, charmed voters with his good looks, demeanor and effective storytelling qualities. He grew up in a small town in western Illinois, and after college became a radio broadcaster who was popular for his speaking abilities. He then went on to test for movies, and his career took off when Warner Brothers began ca sting him in their films. Hollywood shaped Reagan’s lifeRead More Reagans Change Toward Dà ©tente Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesReagans Change Toward Dà ©tente When Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980, he held a firm belief that dà ©tente should be abandoned and the problems of Communism be faced head on by his foreign policy. By the end of his second term as president, Reagan and his term in office would be remembered for furthering dà ©tente and influencing the peaceful collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Soviet Union in 1991. Reagans diplomatic strategy ultimately led to this end, but it was not inevitableRead MoreThe Cold War and Us Diplomacy1213 Words   |  5 Pages The Cold War and the United States Diplomacy The Cold War was the state of military and political tension between Western countries, especially the United States, its NATO allies, and the communist nations, particularly the Soviet Union and other satellite states. The war began after World War II had got to an end. The Cold War was named so since it did not feature any form of military action. The countries in this war possessed nuclear weapons and any form of war would have

Hamlet Movie Comparison - 1115 Words

Hamlet: A Comparison of Two Movies By Michael Bucknam May 29, 2006 The purpose of this report is to compare and contrast two movies made about Hamlet. I will present and discuss different aspects of the version directed by Kenneth Branagh to that of Franco Zefirelli. During this paper you will be presented with my opinions in reference to determining which version of Hamlet best reflects the original text by Shakespeare. I will end this paper with my belief and explanation of which movie is true to the original play. Normally, when a movie is made about a story in a book the two stories are not exactly the same. The movie is adjusted by adding small details or leaving out some parts in order to make the story more†¦show more content†¦However, in the play the ghost was in armor with a helmet and raised visor. While in Branaghs version Hamlet is constantly catching glimpses in the mirrors in the castle. The initial portrayal of the ghost was coming out of the clouds and as in the play he was seen in armor with a raised visor and eerie look on his face. Branaghs version allowed the actors to express their fear and determination. This is translated to the audience who are able to feel the characters position which increases the fear and suspense. Branagh also uses a form of flashbacks without dialogue. He shows scenes of Elsinore years ago, with the characters as young children playing games and laughing at the jokes of Yorick. Were also shown Hamlet and Ophelia is bed which indicates the t rue nature of their relationship. Then, we see Claudius murder his brother while the ghost served as a narrator. The characters in the cast are somewhat different in each of these movies as would be expected. Mel Gibson is very good in the role of Hamlet in Zefirellis version. When he insults the king the insults are more pronounced and easy to understand. He also plays the part of Hamlets insanity very well. This is the favorite part of the character for me. I think his face and presentation make it more realistic than when I read the play. Gibson was able to add suspense to the movie while chasing after the ghost with his sword held as a cross. GlenShow MoreRelatedValues of Hamlet in comparison to Hamlet movie (2000)2312 Words   |  10 PagesShakespeares famous revenge tragedy Hamlet is a story of unrelenting twists and thrills of madness and revenge. I have chosen to compare this play to Michael Almereydas film made in 2000 that is a modern interpretation of the original text a nd was an attempt to do to Hamlet what Baz Luhrman did to Romeo and Juliet. This a brief synopsis of the play; Hamlet is the son of King Hamlet who died before the play begins. King Hamlets brother, Claudius takes the throne and marries his wife. The storyRead MoreHamlet Comparison Essay: Movie vs. Play2586 Words   |  11 Pagesit is a literal representation or a spin, directors like to show viewers the way they perceive the text. In the movie version of Hamlet the director, Kenneth Branagh, wanted the viewers to find Shakespeare interesting and full of action and drama. Kenneth chose the right direction to go in to keep the audience’s attention but it did not show the true tragedy of Hamlet. The story of Hamlet is very depressing because many people are betrayed and die. Hamlet’s own uncle killed his father and married hisRead MoreHamlet Film Adaption Vs. Play Comparison1216 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Film Adaption vs. Play Comparison Shakespeare’s Hamlet has countlessly been formatted into film depictions of the play. Each film seemed to be on one end of the spectrum of either being closely interpreted or completely remodeled a different idea of what Hamlet is. The film version of Hamlet released in 2000 seems to follow closely to the play in some aspects, yet at the same time having its own unique identity Despite there being many differences with the play Hamlet and the film adaptationRead MoreChristian Beliefs Of Shakespeare s The Movie Of The Play 956 Words   |  4 Pages One other feature contrasting in the movie to the play are certain themes that surround religion. The biggest factor that altered the religious ardor seen within the play is the change of setting. Instead of using religion to play a major role to develop the film, Almereyda incorporated more modern traits in the film, such as technology and color. There is not much of the religious influence as was seen in the play. Religion pla yed a major role in the development of the play and seeing that itRead MoreHamlet, Play and the Movie Essay examples532 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet is a tragic play, written by William Shakespeare between 1599 and 1602, but as years have gone by, there have been made many movies produced in order to visually illustrate how the events of the play occurred. This allows the film directors interpretation of Hamlet to have an effect on the audiences understanding of the play, because they understand the play the same way as the director. One of the most significant act and scene in the whole play is Act I Scene V. The film work of HamletRead MoreHamlet in Comparison to the Lion King Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagescan be compared due to vast amounts of similarities between theme and characters; Hamlet and the Lion King are two literary works in which character and theme are surprisingly similar throughout each work. The Lion King is thought to be just an animated children’s film, however, it is in fact a modern translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The main characters in the Lion King are definite parallels to those in Hamlet. Along with the main characters and plot details, the stories were similar in theRead More Comparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet1039 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet Modern day directors use a variety of methods to hold ones interest. Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branagh’s created versions of Hamlet that shared some similarities, but ultimately had many differences in respects to an audience’s appeal. An appealing movie is one that has an alluring ambiance and an intellectual stimulus. With these two movie versions, a setting and a mood forced an audience to acquire specific emotions, but EthanRead MoreInterpretation of Conflict within Hamlet1684 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout a variety of movie interpretations of a given film, one version proves to be the most effective for distinct reasons. Within Act 3, Scene 4 of Hamlet, Shakespeare provides little direction by which the scene should be interpreted, but the play, taken in its entirety, proposes a certain way in which Hamlet and Gertrude express their emotions. This has led to distinctive cinematic interpretations of this scene, all in which portray the storyline in a unique way. Ke nneth Branagh’s versionRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Hamlet movie756 Words   |  4 Pages I am not a big fan of the 1990 movie version of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, starring Mel Gibson. I feel that while it stands alone as a very well made movie and contains great acting performances throughout, I think that it strays too far from the original text and layout of the play. The omissions and transposing makes the play weaker, and while it is a great screenplay, it fails in comparison to Shakespeare’s original work. The three things which bother me the most are the omission of FortinbrasRead MoreLion King and Hamlet - Compare and Contrast1038 Words   |  5 PagesLion King and Hamlet As innocent and young the Disney movie â€Å"The Lion King† may seem, it is, indeed, loosely based off of the renowned Shakespeare play â€Å"Hamlet†. It would seem strange to the typical audiences of each, but when looked at closer, it is seen that they are actually related underneath the youthful, animated surface of The Lion King. One of the main aspects that connects The Lion King and Hamlet is the characters. Simba and Hamlet are both princes of their kingdoms. Hamlet, a man, and

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Samples of Essay Draft Explained

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Samples of Essay Draft Explained Each individual paragraph should concentrate on a specific component of the thesis. The primary aim of the body paragraphs is to fully show the thesis statement. There is an assortment of strategies about how to begin a personal essay, but the trick is to create the opening paragraph memorable with vivid description. After the paragraph change to concentrate on subtopics of the principal ideas, the transition words are utilized to connect the paragraphs. Ok, I Think I Understand Samples of Essay Draft, Now Tell Me About Samples of Essay Draft! Now you can begin your essay writing. Among the most common forms of essays it is very important to grasp how to write one. Based on the subject, each essay will be different dependent on the depth of the thesis. Since academic essays are popular in the business of education and research, you should make sure your writing is both logical, interesting and informative. Introduction page three ought to be banned. As soon as you've determined the goal of your essay, you will know what information has to be included and the way that it has to be presented. Your life story can likewise be regarded as a terrific topic in writing your private essay. Good personal essay topics are simple to follow, and deciding upon an awful topic is potentially problematic as such writing is less inclined to be reader friendly. As a writer, you compose an essay for any particular purpose. If you would like to make an academic essay that's both outstanding and relevant, always set the items that we've discussed above in mind. From time to time, bearing this in mind can assist you as you draft. It should be beneficial to a particular group or to the bulk of the academic community. This essay will reveal that the physical wellness of the mother and her lifestyle will greatly influence the growth of the foetus. A self introduction essay is in the majority of cases written utilizing the very first person perspective. Top Choices of Samples of Essay Draft Rather, it's an analysis of one trend related to ADHD, including many elements of that single tren d. Sometimes utilizing a hook statement can be effective, but it's not required. For example, you surely have bits of research which are more essential to contain in your body paragraphs than others. You need to be focused on what you want to attain your final written output so that you can incorporate successful guides and processes within the activity. Sum up all of the information which you have presented so that people are able to identify whether your conclusion has lived up to the content of what you've written. Beginning with interesting truth about your subject will grab the interest it needs. At exactly the same time, one needs to deal with the topic if it's been identified while considering the requirements. There are difference contexts that may be used within the exact subject so that you need to make sure you will be clear in regards to identifying the section of the topic that you're going to chat about. The Lost Secret of Samples of Essay Draft Your academic essay should evoke an emotion that is needed to spark different ideas, opinions and other sorts of responses. It is crucial that you don't overlap ideas. Ideas have to be given breathing room and permitted to develop naturally as the essay continues. After writing the whole essay, have a quick break and reread it from front to back. The finish of your rough draft should serve two or three distinct purposes. It's important to keep in mind your rough draft is a ways from your final draft, and you'll participate in revision and editing before you've got a draft that's prepared to submit. Sometimes your very first draft might become the last one due to it being rather satisfactory, but in the majority of situations, it requires further work. Because your rough draft will be the foundation for your final draft, you need to be certain you've gotten the heavy lifting from the manner so as to have the opportunity to concentrate on making all the pieces fit together in the home stre tch. Allocate some excellent time to your research because all the tricky work within this step will decide the caliber of your essay. The odds are that you will come across sections of the paper that are full of mistakes or parts that need clarity. When you finish crafting your very first draft, it's helpful to put it aside and completely quit thinking about writing for a certain length of time. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our essay writing service.

Dbq the Black Death free essay sample

While the Christians thought of it as a punishment from the Holy God, the Muslims found it as a gift from God himself. On the other hand, the causes of the plague involved none of that, just the simple spreading by miasma, insanitation and of course the rat infestation. The Christians believed that the plague was sent to them as a punishment from God. They assumed it was a way for them to pay for their sins and their wrong doing. According to the information given in Document 4, the plague was received to them from God as a punishment for their sins. So and so stated that, â€Å"†¦ When the Lord is enraged, embrace acts of penance, so that you do not stray away from the right path and perish. † Also mentioned in Documents 7, 8, and 9 it is assumed that the Christians also had the Jews to blame for this raging epidemic that struck. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq: the Black Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Document 7 implied that the Jews had been blamed for poisoning the wells, causing the Christians to die not only from the plague, but also the water they had been drinking. This incident led to the burning and banning of the Jew community(s). The responses of the Muslim community differentiated from the Christians in which the Muslims actually believed that the plague was sent to them as a worthy gift from God. They took the Black Death in a more positive approach. Muhammad al-Manbiji expresses in Document 4 that the plague that â€Å"†¦ the epidemic is abhorrent because the plague is a blessing from God; at the least, a Muslim should devoutly accept the divine act. † Approaching Document 10, The bubonic plague wasn’t just a gift or a punishment from the Holy God, but also just a severe disease spread by rats, insanitation and miasma, or impure winds. The facts in Document 5 show that the main non-religious causes of the Black Death involve impure air, the conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter and Mars (March 20, 1345) and excessive clothing in Europe; along with an excessive amount of shooting stars, miasma and sins in the East. There were ways to prevent the disease from spreading by building fires, shielding houses from the outside and basically just isolating yourself from the contaminated world. In Document 6, it is implied that the priests were a bit selfish when it came to helping the affected. They seemed to not want to sacrifice their life for the sake of someone else’s, so as it says in the document, â€Å"†¦many benefices remained unserved. † The plague was reaching out to others quickly, and snatching away innocent lives even quicker. Documents 1 and 2 are just the results and the routes of the Black Death and where it attacked. There was barely any way to escape it because it was everywhere. Death rates are shown to be over 30%, which counts as 1/3 of the population. The bubonic plague struck everywhere possible, and it was seen in many different perspectives. While the Christians approached it as a punishment from sins and what they did wrong, the Muslims saw it as a gift or a blessing from God. It was seen as a negative and positive way. Looking at it from a factual perspective though, it also could’ve started from the impure winds and infestation of rats and very filthy ways of life. The Christian responses, Muslim responses and non-religious responses all contrasted in their own ways. Looking back on what documents were available for my use, I feel as if another article explaining why they didn’t stick to the preventions of the Black Death to stay alive.

American Beautys Comments on Society essays

American Beauty's Comments on Society essays What Comments is American Beauty Making About Modern Society? American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes, is simply a study of a dysfunctional American Family which reveals the nature of modern suburbia with wit, precision, and invention. Allan Balls script continually explores ideas about what constitutes ordinariness in our lives and what beauty truly is, and why people who have everything, live lives of desperation. Far more importantly, though, is what the film has to say about the American Dream or rather the American Nightmare. American modern society (not too different from New Zealands own society), is constructed around the notion that happiness is found through material success: a lucrative job, a nice house in a quiet neighbourhood, fancy cars etc. American Beauty doesnt expose this lie it shows how hideous this lie could be. Screenwriter Alan Ball, says On of the movies themes is how we have preconceived notions of things, but the truth often turns out to be something we never even considered where you find beauty might be in the place you least expect it. Kevin Spacey (Lester) and Annette Benning (Carolyn) play a couple who, on the surface, seem to have it all. A Perky real estate agent, Benning drives around in a Mercedes, and clips their rose garden using sequesters that match her shoes which Lester comments is no mistake. Lester pulls in sixty grand a year working in marketing, and the couple have a seemingly harmless, typically disaffected teen, Jane, played by Thora Birch. Lester, is a typical suburban husband whose life seems to have slipped into a rut. He tells us, In less than a year Ill be dead. Of course, I dont know that yet. In a way, Im dead already. He says ...

Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essays

Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essays Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essay Wind Energy the Indian Scenario Essay In 2008, India was the country that brought online the third largest amount of wind energy, after the US and China, and it now ranks fifth in total installed capacity with 10,925 MW of wind power installed at the end of 2009. A strong domestic manufacturing base has been main underlying factor for the growth of the Indian wind energy market. The Indian wind turbine manufacturer Suzlon is now a recognized player on the global market, and many international companies are established in India. India has a great untapped potential for wind energy. According to official estimates, the country’s total wind energy resource amounts to 48 GW of commercially viable capacity, but some experts think that this figure is on the conservative side, and that technological improvements could significantly increase this potential. The positive development of wind energy in India has mainly been driven by progressive state level legislation, including policy measures such as renewable portfolio standards and feed-in-tariffs. At the moment, there is no coherent national renewable energy policy to drive the development of wind energy. This is urgently needed to realize the country’s full potential and reap the benefits for both the environment and the economy. The Indian government is currently considering the introduction of a national renewable energy policy, so this report comes as a timely reminder of how important a role wind energy could play in securing India’s energy security, curbing its CO2 emissions, providing new employment and boosting economic development. The Indian wind industry, both domestic and international, stands ready to do its part in achieving an energy revolution in India. With sufficient political will and the right policy frameworks, it could do even more. This paper gives a brief on the history of wind energy in India, the current state of production, the major policies that are guiding the industry at the moment and also suggests a way forward for the industry. 1) RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA : In the early 1980s, the Indian government established the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) to encourage diversification of the country’s energy supply, and satisfy the increasing energy demand of a rapidly growing economy. In 2006, this ministry was renamed the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Renewable energy is growing rapidly in India. With an installed capacity of 16. 4 GW, renewable energy sources (excluding large hydro) currently account for 7. 7 % of India’s overall power generation capacity. By 2012, the Indian government is planning to add an extra 14 GW of renewable sources. In its 10th Five Year Plan, the Indian government had set itself a target of adding 3. 5 GW of renewable energy sources to the generation mix. In reality, however, nearly double that figure was achieved. In this period, more than 5. 4 GW of wind energy was added to the generation mix, as well as 1. 3 GW from other RE sources. The target set for the period from 2008-2012 was increased to 14 GW, 10. 5 GW of which to be new wind generation capacity. In India the average life of a wind power generator is between 20-25 years. The Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates that there is a potential of around 90,000 MW for power generation from different renewable energy sources in the country, including 48,561 MW of wind power, 14,294 MW of small hydro power and 26,367 MW of biomass. Hence, it can be seen that wind forms the major chunk of renewable energy portfolio in India that is estimated to be tapped in the coming years ahead and hence it forms an important part of study at the present moment. 2) WHY IS WIND SO IMPORTANT? It is well known that wind is certainly an inexhaustible abundant source of energy which is caused by the differential solar radiation on the Earth’s geo-diverse surfaces, having different degrees of absorption, reflection, refraction, convection and transmission. Wind power is the most established amongst the renewable energy sources. Wind power can be generated on a large scale compared to solar and other renewable sources and hence it becomes commercially viable. Wind mills are easy to install and require much less area compared to solar power per MW. Wind being a renewable energy free from any kind of combustion, is a very clean source of energy with zero GHG emissions. This implies that capacity addition in wind power will help in reducing the carbon footprint at the same time closing the gap between demand and supply of power in the country. It also results in significant saving of potable/drinking water, which is much needed for human survival. Electricity generation by wind consumes only 1/200th or 1/400th of water that is used by nuclear, oil or coal. But we also need to be clear that a country like ours with such a long coast line need not necessarily be having economic/technical potential for wind power with its diurnal variations of land breeze/sea breeze. At the other extreme the mere occurrence of good monsoon or frequency of cyclones amp; hurricanes may not provide an economical viability or a technical feasibility of wind power. 3) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WIND POWER IN INDIA : Recognizing the importance of tapping renewable energy sources for power generation, India has been working in this direction for more than two decades. The Government of India realized the importance of private sector participation in the wind power sector as early as 1983/84. Accordingly, a national programme was initiated to tap the then estimated potential of 20000 MW by adopting a market-oriented strategy. This ultimately led to successful commercial development of wind power technology and substantial additions to power generation capacity in the country. Significant progress made in this sector was the result of policy support measures and incentives announced by the government for implementing the latest wind energy technologies and encouraging private entrepreneurs to take up commercial projects. After the announcement of the ‘Private Power Policy’ in 1991, an increase in the private sector participation was observed in the field of wind energy. This, along with a booming economy and the attractive fiscal incentives, provided the impetus for accelerated growth of the wind power sector as shown in ‘Figure 1’ below. FIGURE 1 – GROWTH OF WIND POWER IN INDIA (INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW / YEAR VS YEAR) After a brief downturn between 1996 amp; 1998, the scenario started looking up in 1999 and this upswing is still continuing. The main factors that have contributed to this positive growth are: a) Technological maturity and introduction of machines, suitable for the Indian conditions (e. g. wind turbines designed for low wind regimes) that resulted in overall higher capacity utilization. This factor helped in attracting more investments from the private sector. ) Introduction of bigger capacity and more cost-effective wind turbines. c) Better site selection due to more sophisticated and rigorous wind resource assessment and micro siting. d) Conducive policy regime introduced by some states (Maharashtra was one such state that came out with an investor friendly package, including attractive power purchase prices). 4) WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA : The total potential for wind power in India was first estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at around 45 GW, and was recently increased to 48. GW. This figure was also adopted by the government as the official estimate. The C-WET study was based on a comprehensive wind mapping exercise initiated by MNRE, which established a country-wide network of 1050 wind monitoring and wind mapping stations in 25 Indian States. This effort made it possible to assess the national wind potential and identify suitable areas for harnessing wind power for commercial use, and 216 suitable sites have been identified. However, the wind measurements were carried out at lower hub heights and did not take into account technological innovation and improvements and repowering of old turbines to replace them with bigger ones. At heights of 55-65 meters, the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) estimates that the potential for wind development in India is around 65-70 GW. The World Institute for Sustainable Energy, India (WISE) considers that with larger turbines, greater land availability and expanded resource exploration, the potential could be as big as 100 GW. ) STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY : FIGURE – 2 (C-WET’s WIND POWER DENSITY MAP) Table 1 – Installed Capacity per state (MW) State| March 2010| March 2009| March 2008| March 2007| March 2006| March 2005| Tamilnadu| 4907| 4304. 5| 3873. 4| 3492. 7| 2894. 6| 2037| Karnataka| 1473| 1327. 4| 1011. 4| 821. 1| 584. 5| 410. 7| Maharashtra| 2078| 1938. 9| 1755. 9| 1487. 7| 1001. 3| 456. 2| Rajasthan| 1088| 738. 4| 538. 8| 469. 8| 358. 1| 284. 8| Andhra Pradesh| 236| 122. 5| 122. 5| 122. | 121. 1| 120. 6| Madhya Pradesh| 229| 212. 8| 187. 7| 57. 3| 40. 3| 28. 9| Kerala| 28| 27. 0| 10. 5| 2| 2| 2| Gujarat| 1864| 1566. 5| 1252. 9| 636. 6| 338| 253| Others| 4| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| 1. 1| Total| 11807| 10242. 3| 8754. 0| 7090. 8| 5341| 3594. 3| The Wind Resource Assessment Programme carried out in India to reassess the wind potential was one of the largest programmes of its kind in the world, covering around 900 wind monitoring and mapping stations in 24 states and Union Territories. So far 208 potential sites have been identified in 13 states. As per Table 1, states with high wind potential include Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It is proposed to prepare an Indian Wind Atlas by using state-of-the-art software like WASP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Programme) on GIS platform. This will encourage the rapid growth of wind energy in India. The map shown here indicates where WASP has been applied. WASP has been used to establish national wind atlases for the ‘red’ countries and WASP has been applied for regional and local studies in the ‘blue’ countries. 6) OFF-SHORE WIND POTENTIAL IN INDIA : Offshore wind development zones are generally considered to be ten kilometers or more from land. Offshore wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on land, as their apparent size and noise is mitigated by distance. Because water has less surface roughness than land (especially deeper water), the average wind speed is usually considerably higher over open water. Capacity factors (utilization rates) are considerably higher than for onshore and near shore locations. Transporting large wind turbine components (tower sections, nacelles, and blades) is much easier over water than on land, because ships and barges can handle large loads more easily than trucks/lorries or trains. On land, large goods vehicles must negotiate bends on roadways, which fixes the maximum length of a wind turbine blade that can move from point to point on the road network; no such limitation exists for transport on open water. Offshore wind turbines will probably continue to be the largest turbines in operation, since the high fixed costs of the installation are spread over more energy production, reducing the average cost. Turbine components (rotor blades, tower sections) can be transported by barge, making large parts easier to transport offshore than on land, where turn clearances and underpass clearances of available roads limit the size of turbine components that can be moved by truck. Similarly, large construction cranes are difficult to move to remote wind farms on land, but crane vessels easily move over water. Offshore wind farms tend to be quite large, often involving over hundreds of turbines. CWET (Centre for Wind Energy Technology) has taken some initial efforts to survey the potential in the field of off-shore wind power generation. A working group consisting of expert members from National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) and C-WET had, in late 2008 or 2009, started studies for feasibility of offshore wind measurements. The team had initiated the work on getting the clearances for offshore measurements near Dhanushkoti ( close to Rameswaram ). For a project planning to kick start offshore wind measurements, the team visited Dhanushkoti and collected the GPS co-ordinates with the help of land surveyors. The main objective was to take up wind resource assessment studies in the southern tip of India, particularly at two locations viz. Koodankulam (Kanyakumari) and Rameshwaram (Dhanuskodi), and to examine the feasibility for setting up offshore wind farms. The aim was to collect data set of wind speeds, wind direction and to gather sea temperature, sea current characteristics, and waves data for environmental research, design, and development of offshore wind farms, and to assess potential impacts of these measured parameters on the wind farms etc. Some preliminary data suggests that the wind power densities are about 250–300 W/m2 by the Arabian Sea (6-6. 4 m/s), 250–600 W/m2 (6-7. 8 m/s) by the Indian Ocean, and 150–500 W/m2 (5. 1-7. 4) by the Bay of Bengal (Rameswaram area). A minimum wind speed of about 6. 5 m/s is required for offshore wind farms, and as suggested earlier, many regions in Northern Europe oceans have wind speeds much in excess of 6. 5 m/s. The data presented earlier indicates that India is not blessed with such high offshore wind speeds. Sadly, on the corporate side, there have been few, if any, efforts on offshore wind. The only piece of news that indicated some corporate interest was from the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), when, in April 2009, it announced its plans to tap offshore wind energy. After setting up its first 50 MW onshore wind energy farm in Gujarat, ONGC announced it was planning to tap offshore wind potential. In this context, ONGC held a series of meetings and collected a myriad of data related to offshore wind potentials. The company had mentioned at the time that a detailed study would be conducted to find out the viability of this offshore project. However, after this announcement, little detail has been forthcoming on this. These are all the data I have on offshore wind developments and progress in India. As per the latest data available, the cumulative offshore installed capacity globally stood at 1,421 MW as of 2007 and this figure is expected to rise to 12,000MW by the year 2013. 7) POLICY ENVIRONMENT FOR WIND ENERGY IN INDIA : The Indian government’s stated target is for renewable energy to contribute 10% of total power generation capacity and have a 4-5% renewable energy share in the electricity mix by 2012. This means that renewable energy would grow at a faster rate than traditional power generation, accounting for around 20% of the total added capacity planned in the 2008-2012 timeframe. Some of the important policies that are allowing this sector to grow are listed below. The Electricity Act 2003: The Electricity Act required the SERCs to set Renewable Portfolio Standards for electricity production in their state. Following this, the Ministry for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) issued guidelines to all state governments to create an attractive environment for the export, purchase, wheeling and banking of electricity generated by wind power projects. Some important policy measures for wind power in India are: * Fiscal and financial incentives : * 80% accelerated depreciation over one or two years 10 year income tax holiday for wind power generation projects * Excise duty relief on certain components * Some states have also announced special tariffs, ranging from Rs 3-4 per kWh, with a national average of around Rs 3. 50 per kWh * Wheeling, banking and third party sales, buy-back facility by states * Guarantee market through a specified renewable portfolio standard in some states, as decided by the state electricity regulator by way of power purchase agreements * Reduced wheeling charges as compared to conventional energy. * Land Policies : The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued guidelines for diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes, particularly to enable wind generation. * Clearance of leasing and forest land for up to a period of 30 years for wind developers. * Financial assistance : * Setting up of the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), the premier finance agency of the Government of India to provide soft loans for renewable energy projects, particularly for demonstration and private sector projects. * Wind resource assessment: * The government set up the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) to map wind energy potentials. The C-WET has set up more than 1,000 wind monitoring and wind mapping centers across 25 states. * Wind mapping at 50 meters (C-WET) and 60-80 meters height (private companies) * F eed in tariff and Generation Based Incentive (GBI) : MNRE has decided to incentivise actual energy generation rather than only capacity addition. To achieve this task, it has been proposed that power producers shall be given some incentive on every unit generated over and above the feed in tariff approved by particular state. Scheme for implementation for GBI for grid interactive power projects: * Objectives : ) To broaden the investor base and create a level playing field between various classes of investors. b) To incentivize higher efficiencies with the help of a generation/outcome based incentive. c) To facilitate entry of large independent power producers and foreign direct investors to the wind power sector. * Incentive and Duration: Under the  Ã‚   scheme, a GBI will be provided to wind electricity producers   @ Rs. 0. 50 per unit of electricity fed into the grid for a period not less than 4 years and a maximum period of 10 years in parallel with accelerated depreciation on a mutually exclusive manner, with a cap of Rs. 2 lakhs per MW. The total disbursement in a year will not exceed one fourth of the maximum limit of the incentive i. e. Rs. 15. 50 lakhs per MW during the first four years. Utilization of Wind Energy in India : Despite the high installed capacity, the actual utilization of wind power in India is low because policy incentives are geared towards installation rather than operation of the plants. This is why only 1. 6% of actual power production in India comes from wind although the installed capacity is 6%. The government is considering the addition of incentives for ongoing operations of the installed wind power plants. Table 2 gives a detailed picture of the current tariff rates offered by the states in which wind power is currently being generated and it also highlights the future price escalation mechanism proposed by each state. An inference that can be drawn from this data is that the majority of the states do not propose a tariff escalation for the next 10-20 years, and as the tariff rates are competitive to power conventionally generated from the grid through fossil fuels, we could say that this is a positive step in ensuring further participation and growth in wind power generation. TABLE 2 State Tariff Rates and Price Mechanisms Some State Policy Incentives : * Energy Buyback , power wheeling and banking facilities for wind power generating plants * Sale Tax Concessional benefits * Electricity Tax exemption * Capital Subsidy 8) KEY FACTORS AFFECTING WIND POWER GENERATION IN INDIA: a) GROWTH RATE OF THE ECONOMY : Market growth rates in these scenarios are based on a mixture of historical figures and information obtained from analyses of the wind turbine market. The annual growth rate envisaged is of 25% per annum, but the wind industry has experienced much higher growth rates in recent years. The growth rate in the last 5 years averaged was more than 35% of installed wind power capacity. The above growth rate assumes significant repowering (replacing of smaller old turbines by modern and more powerful machines) will take place in the period up to 2030. It is also expected that due to the large coastline of 7000km, offshore installations will play an important role in the timeframe. This will substantially increase the overall wind energy potential. b) TURBINE CAPACITY: Individual turbines have been steadily growing it terms of the maximum electricity output they achieve when operating at full power. The average capacity of wind turbines installed in India as off 2008 was 1MW, up from just 400kW in 2000. The largest turbines now available commercially are approximately 6MW in capacity. An assumption can be made that, the average size will increase to 1. 5MW in 2013 to 2MW by 2030. It is possible that the figure will turn out to be greater in practice, requiring fewer turbines to achieve the same installed capacity. It is also assumed that each turbine’s operational lifetime will be of 20 years, after which it will need to be replaced. c) CAPACITY FACTOR: Capacity factor’ refers to the percentage capacity that a turbine installed in a particular location will deliver over the course of a year. This is primarily an assessment of the wind resource at a given site, but capacity factors are also affected by the efficiency of the turbine and its suitability for the particular location. For example a 1MW turbine operating at a 25% capacity factor will deliver 2190 MWh of e lectricity in one year. It is assumed that improvements in both wind turbine technology and the sitting of wind farms will result in a steady increase. ) CAPITAL COSTS: The capital cost for wind energy project shall include wind turbine generator including its auxiliaries, land cost, site development charges and other civil works, transportation charges, evacuation cost up to inter-connection point, financing charges and IDC. The normative capital cost of the wind energy projects shall be Rs. 467Lakh/MW for FY 2010-11 and shall be subject to the adjustment over the control period on account of changes in the wholesale price index for steel and electrical machinery as per the indexation mechanism specified in the RE Regulations. The detailed computations of the indexation mechanism and determination of the capital cost for FY 2010-11. The capital cost of producing wind turbines has fallen steadily over the past 20 years as turbine design has been largely concentrated on the three-bladed upwind model with variable speed and pitch blade regulation, manufacturing techniques have been optimized, and mass production and automation have resulted in economies of scale. Darrieus Three Bladed Horizontal Axis H-VAWT 9) CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS IN INDIA: The modern machines manufactured in India with foreign collaboration have capacities more than 1 MW and they are highly suited for India. * The technology option in the first phase of kinetic to mechanical energy has been shifting from constant speed rotor to variable speed rotor all over the world. The variable speed rotor is of capable capturing about 15 to 20% more energy from the turbulent wind. * Conversion of mechanical to electrical energy through the generators is also going through several advancements in technology in the recent years. From traditional squirrel cage induction generators which convert AC-AC as the wind varies has been shifting to synchronized AC-DC-AC type of generators for efficient power capture from the wind. * In the aero dynamic controls, the shift is taking place from traditional stall control to pitch control and modern machines have active controls independently for stall as well as pitch mechanism. These sophisticated active controls require power electronics and hydraulics interfacing with various systems. Some of the latest Wind Energy Generators use electro-magnetic/mechanical control systems instead of hydraulics 0) MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING WIND ENERGY : a) Wind Turbines kill birds and also have serious environmental impacts: It is a fact that a number of birds have been killed by wind mills. A detailed study done in the United States has indicated that the number of birds currently kill per year due to high end wind installations is one to two birds. Comparatively, more birds die every year because of highway traffic, manmade structures and housecats. These wind turbines also do not affect the migratory patterns of birds and as studies have indicated, the birds that have been occasionally killed are of common species. ) Installation of wind turbines produces a humming noise that is harmful to human health: In continuation to the point above, studies done by research teams in the United Kingdom have proven that the low humming noise produced by the rotating of wind mills has absolutely no effect on human health. With the improvement in technology, this humming noise has considerably reduced over the last few years, by around 30% in terms of decibel levels over the last four years. c) Wind Turbine Farms have a large land foot print: This is a common misconception that people hold in their mind. The actual land foot print of each wind turbine is just the area covered by the wind turbine column that is the foundation of the wind turbine in the ground. The area around the wind turbine can be used for agriculture cultivation or other purposes. In India a number of wind turbines are placed on hilly areas and hence do not take up valuable agricultural land. 11) WIND MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA : There are more than 12 manufacturers of Large Wind Turbines/Large Wind Generators which are grid connected to State Electricity Boards. Most of the manufacturer’s facilities are located in Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Puducherry. As the technology has been steadily improving, it has resulted in the cost reduction of more than 8 times in the last 3 decades. This has increased the number of new entrants in the wind energy sector. From Table 3 given below you can see some of the names of the manufacturers along with the foreign collaboration: TABLE 3 – Large wind generator manufacturers in India From the above list, Suzlon Energy Ltd. is the largest manufacturer in India; It is the world’s 3rd leading player in wind energy generators. Apart from meeting the India wind energy generator market, for several manufacturers it is also an export opportunity – around Rs. 8000 crores worth of equipment was exported abroad. Suzlon has supplied over 7,000 MW of wind power generating capacity equipment in India. In 2006, it acquired Hansen Transmissions NV , the world’s second largest wind gearbox manufacturers, completing its quest to integrate all critical components into its value chain. In terms of net worth, Suzlon is the most valuable wind power company but not as measured by market value. Suzlon currently operates the largest wind park in the world, the 584 MW wind park in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. For small wind generation manufacturers in India ( Small wind generation systems with generation capacity upto 50kW) the major players in the Indian industry are : * Unitron Energy, Pune * Vaigunth Ener Tek Ltd, Chennai * LeanWay Energy Pvt. Ltd, Pune * Tachometric Controls, Pune * Wind Turbine Systems Ltd, Bangalore * M/S Machinocraft, Pune * Novergy Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. , Udaipur * Pawanmitra Aero Energies, Tiruppur * Pioneer Wincon Pvt. Ltd Small wind generation systems have tremendous potential in India as a large percentage of the population is still not connected to the grid and hence depends on diesel generators in many areas for intermittent power supply. The small wind generators have the capabilities to replace the diesel generators entirely and with the help of battery storage that can be used for small wind and solar hybrids, areas currently off the grid can be powered, thereby replacing the need for a connection to a power grid. In the last six months, big players like Tata Power Company from the house of Tata ave started experimenting with wind mills of 2 kW capacity and they to plan to enter the small wind generation industry over the coming year. 12) ROLE OF C-WET IN THE INDIAN WIND INDUSTRY : C-WET is an acronym for Center for Wind Energy Technology. As earlier mentioned, C-WET is an Autonomous Ramp;D Organization, established under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and it has enabled orderly wind p ower development in India. It offers value added services in terms of identification of potential windy sites and project planning, Micrositing and due diligence studies in the area of wind resource assessment.. C-WET has an International standard Test Station at Kayathar close to Kanyakumari which can test wind turbines from 225 kW to 1 MW class machines. C-WET also ensures the quality of the machines which are connected to Indian power utilities to protect the investors as well as manufacturers utilities equally. C-WET follows IEC:WT-01 standards and carries out the type certification of wind turbines under a scheme called TAPS 2000 which has been customized for Indian conditions with the help and guidance of experts from RISO/Denmark which follows several standards which are currently in vogue in the Indian Wind Industry. C-WET coordinates with several academic institutions, National Research Laboratories and private companies independently in Research and Development in the area of wind energy to facilitate cost reduction in wind electric generation. C-WET assists the regulatory body which is the Central Electricity Regulatory Authority (CERC) in technical matters on policy and regulatory issues. It does the design evaluation for the purpose of certification of assessing the various models which are being offered by several manufacturers in Indian market following International standards. C-WET also undertakes Human Resource development suitable to the Indian Wind Energy Industry by conducting National and International Training Programmes. Since this is an area of multi disciplinary nature, academicians amp; industry and Scientists of C-WET join hand together to complete the training programmes. 13) THE FUTURE INDIAN WIND ENERGY SCENARIO : The main issue of Wind Power Development in India is availability of accurate wind potential data for regions all over the country. C-WET has assessed ore than 620 Stations spread all over the Country by continuous monitoring of wind as a resource and identified more than 216 locations as economically viable and wind potential. As on date, in India a site which has more than 200 watts per square meter as Wind Power Density (WPD) is declared economically viable. With recently picked up micro wind generation i. e to exploit urban wind areas and low wind areas and to facilitate remote village electrification domestic wind mills of . 3 kW to 30 kW are being adopted. This micro wind generation as on date has a low market demand since it has been mostly developed as a standalone system which is often not grid connected. The grid interface system which will have similar concepts such as net metering along with exporting to grid and importing from the grid in a house connection is likely to be possible soon. It has fast track implementation of wind power projects given by Government having fiscal and financial initiative. India is likely to penetrate the wind as a green power up to 10% of electricity generation of the Nation, with the highly supportive Governmental policies. The major issue of utilization of wind power has been the infirmity of the wind. This can be overcome the current sophisticated technology to forecast wind enabling load scheduling to meet the load demand and generation gap. Innovative approach to Operation and Maintenance â€Å"Oamp;M†, is now being implemented using Central Monitoring systems and SCADA type continuous monitoring with remote controls. Another important issue in the Indian wind power development is development of infrastructure facility in wind farmable areas such as roads and logistics for larger machine components to reach windy Regions. Other infrastructural facilities for establishment of human habitation wind farm and establishment of electrical grid for evacuation of the power generated by the wind turbines. Most of the State and Central Government have been concentrating on these infrastructural developments and hence wind power in India has become more viable and the growth is sustained at the global rate of more than 20% every year. Table 4 gives a few keys for sustaining this 20% wind power growth envisaged in India TABLE 4 Wind Power Industry Trends Other Important Areas for the Future of Wind Generation in India : * In the coming years we need proper tariff and inflation adjustments for the wind energy sector. * Preferential tariff has proven to be the most successful instrument in accelerating power generation from renewable energy and should be applied to wind energy generation. * Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) need to be made available more easily and should be traded so that Renewable Purchase Obligations can be fulfilled in states where sufficient renewable energy is not available within the state. These certificates also need to be electronic in nature to ensure timeliness in transactions and terminate the need for physical documents to be exchanged. 14) CONCLUSION: The wind energy sector has grown significantly in India despite ups and downs. Today after having surmounted many a problems, wind in India is known to be a very mature industry. Presently, the focus is on higher capacity machines and low-wind regime turbines, which operate in class two wind regimes. Higher tower heights and wider swept areas have resulted from the experience gained by India in the last two decades. Equally important has been the ability of wind power producers in dealing with grid problems in the country. Electricity produced from renewable energy resources like wind requires two kinds of support, namely a price support mechanism that enables power producers to enter the market and make a reasonable profit and a stable regulatory environment that encourages renewables based power. Characterized by the non-internalization of external costs of energy production, costs of wind power tend to be significantly higher than that of conventional power. But the cost of delivered power should be measured in terms of overall benefits associated with that form of power, and their implications. In such a scenario, wind power outweighs the conventional power on account of their environment-friendliness and positive impact on the social development. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Indian Wind Energy Scenario – by Amit Kumar, TERI, D S Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003 * Renewable Energy in India: Business Opportunities. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 2001. * Introduction of the Indian Wind Energy Sector – by Dr. S. Gomathinayagam, Executive Director, C-WET, Chennai – 600 * Indian Wind Energy Outlook 2009 * www. gwec. net * www. indianwindpower. com * www. windpowerindia. com * www. ireda. in * www. wikipedia. org

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Education - Essay Example It is required in the performance of our most basic public responsibilities, even service in the armed forces. It is the very foundation of good citizenship. Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment. In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. Segregation with the sanction of law, therefore, has a tendency to [retard] the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial[ly] integrated school system. Author and Title: Assertions and Meaning of This Quotation: This is a persuasive argument attempting to illustrate that education is critical to youth achievement, social responsibility development, and general good citizenship. The author of the quotation tries to convince the reader that education is vital for the broader social good, a system that provides youths with far more than knowledge, but essentially serves as the foundation for the establishment of cultural and social awareness. The author then moves into the argument about segregation of students based on racial characteristics, to justify why this action leads to detrimental outcomes for youths. The author links segregation to missed educational opportunities and how this practice reiterates inferiority for colored people. The main assertion is that the process of racial segregation should be abolished as it has long-standing cultural and social consequences when educational opportunities are missed through racial isolation. Value & Importance of these Ideas: Throughout history, the debate about racial segregation has been a contentious one. Many people who attempt to remove the barriers that have been erected that prevent equality find it difficult to gain commitment to equality initiatives and diversity, therefore this particular author tries to link educational importance to segregation to gain support for this concept. Because there are broader needs in society that cannot be fulfilled without educati on, such as cultural awareness and social citizenship, segregation does not provide students with the foundation of critical knowledge needed to benefit society as adult figures. By promoting equality and integrating students of different races, it provides valuable knowledge about peer lifestyles, attitudes and needs that are necessary to be a well-rounded contributor to society later in life. Agree/Disagree? Why?: Though I hold no prejudices or stereotypes in this argument, I do not generally agree with this contention. Lifestyle and the social environment outside of the classroom provide ample opportunities for social and cultural awareness. The diversity of the United States has many rural and urban areas

Oil Spills Clean-up Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Oil Spills Clean-up Technology - Research Paper Example Proactive measures ought to be taken to prevent such catastrophes from occurring. Some of the accidents are caused by the neglect of the management and other members transporting the oil. The BP Company for instance has been one of the current culprits of oil spill. Reports indicated that the company was aiming at reducing the cost of operation and therefore had poor methods that would have been used to prevent oil spills. Other companies that have been caught in the same incidence include the Union Carbide in India. The company was concerned with the issues of cutting on the cost of operation. In the process, it failed to repair and maintain the gas cylinders leading to leakage of gases. The negative effects of this were death of thousands of people. It would therefore be imperative to have ways that would be used to prevent these incidences from occurring. Punitive measures should be used to ensure that the responsible companies pay for the damage caused. This may include confiscat ion of their certificates of operation until such companies can show their readiness to prevent the situation. The following discussion will focus on the oil spill cleaning techniques, limitations and classification. Literature review Current oil spill cleaning techniques There are a number of oil spill cleaning techniques, which have been used for decades to address this problem. These methods however differ in terms of cost, the effects on the environment, flora and fauna, and complexity. The other main determining factor of the technique to use include whether the oil spill has taken place in the deep sea or near the shore. The following are some of the current methods, which are used to clean oil spills: 1. In-situ burning of oil This is one of the most common techniques... This essay stresses that major oil spills have been blamed on poor strategies used by the management to deal with the problem. Some of the policies that are stipulated are poor due to the need to cut down the cost of operation. Some of the companies that have been blamed for such poor policies include the BP Company. Due to the 2007/08 economic turmoil, the company management was in the process of cutting down cost of operation. As a result, this led to the problems, which have been witnessed. It is for this reason that some of these companies need to be punished. Other methods that would also be used in to prevent oil spills include regular check of machinery and the piping systems. This is done for the purpose of preventing of detecting any anomalies on such machines. Any leaks should be repaired immediately they are detected. Any loose valves ought to be tightened to prevent any spills. However, majority of the companies fail to address this issue due to the current the current co mpetition in the world of business. The high demand for oil and other related products prevents the management to take the safety precautions. This paper makes a conclusion that the bottom-line is that there is no effective method, which can effectively address the issue of cleaning the oil spills. For that reason, there is need for more innovation in order to have such methods. The current ones are not only expensive but also lead to major environmental problems. All measures ought to be taken to prevent the oil spills since the cost of such catastrophes are high.

Effect of CSR on Child Labour

Effect of CSR on Child Labour Abstract Child labour is an issue that is detrimental to sustainable development of any society. The underlying cause of child labour has been identified as poverty. The cocoa sector where this practice has been reported to be widespread is the backbone of most economies in West Africa. Chocolate and other cocoa based products are in high demand and so consumers and manufacturers alike are implicated in fuelling this trade. Corporate Social Responsibility is an important tool which if implemented and monitored properly could eventually lead to the elimination of child labour. This dissertation explores how industry with the support of the governments is engaging in programmes and projects as part of their CSR strategy in tackling child labour. Chapter One â€Å"We are the world’s children. We are victims of exploitation and abuse. We are street children. We are the victims and orphans of HIV/AIDS. We are denied good quality education and health care. We are victims of political, economic, cultural, religious and environmental discrimination. We are children whose voices are not being heard: it is time we are taken into account. We want a world fit for children, because a world fit for us is a world fit for everyone.† (Statement from the Children’s Forum to the United Nations, May 2002). Introduction 1.1 Definitions A: The definition of child labour as derived from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (CRC) stipulates that â€Å"children should be protected from economic exploitation and any work that is hazardous, interferes with schooling, or is harmful to their health and development†. The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) defines it as â€Å"as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development†. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 138, minimum age convention in 1973 which sets the minimum age for admission into employment and ILO Convention182 on the worst forms of child labour refers to child labour as: all work that is harmful and hazardous to a childs health, safety and development; taking into account the age of the child, the conditions under which the work takes place, and the time at which the work is done. The Uni ted Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) defines child labour as â€Å"work that exceeds a minimum number of hours, depending on the age of a child and on the type of work†. B: According to the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO), Cocoa Certification is the process of certifying that the commodity has passed the performance/quality assurance tests/qualification requirements stipulated in the regulations/code: it complies with a set of regulations governing quality and minimum performance requirements: product certified may be endorsed with a quality mark or display a certification mark: it involves auditing, accredited certifying bodies, standards organisation, independent verification bodies and transactions costs. C: The Fairtrade Labelling Organisation defines fair-trade as a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seeks greater equity in International trade 1.2 Background Information The successful elimination of child labour in the world is almost certainly one of the most vital policy objectives of today. It is at the forefront of the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as adopted by all 198 United Nations Member States in September 2000 (Grimsrud, 2003). As part of broader efforts towards a sustainable solution to child labour, the ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank initiated the interagency Understanding Children’s Work (UCW) project in December 2000. This project, which is guided by the Oslo Agenda for Action unanimously adopted at the 1997 International Conference on Child labour, elaborated the priorities for the international community in the war against child labour. Through a variety of data collection, research, and assessment activities, the UCW project is broadly directed towards improving understanding of child labour, its causes and effects, how it can be measured and effective policies coupled with stronger international cooper ation for the elimination of the practice. The issue of the worst forms of child labour in the cocoa sector came into the public glare when a UK media network, Channel 4, in a documentary in September 2000 alleged the massive use of children as the labour force on Ivorian cocoa plantations. The backbone of plantation work is backbreaking labour, done using rudimentary tools under gruelling conditions. At the time it was alleged that 90% of cocoa farms in Cà ´te dIvoire, which is the worlds leading cocoa producer engaged child labour in their operations. The government of Cà ´te d’Ivoire strongly refuted these allegations at the time but eventually admitted there was a problem in the use of child labour but not to the magnitude as alleged in the documentary (Afro News, September 2000). In 2001, following the allegations of child labour in cocoa farms, U.S. Representative Eliot Engel and Senator Tom Harkin decided to adjoin a clause to the Trade and Development Act (TDA) proposing a federal system to certify and label chocolate products as slave free. The cocoa industry successfully lobbied against this on the premise that the supply chain was too complex. A compromise was eventually reached. A protocol entitled Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor, signed in September, 2001. Industry agreed to establish a task force made up of government, non-governmental organisations to work towards its elimination in cocoa plantations. A critical part of this agreement was the commitment to design and implement â€Å"standards of public certification† in all of West Africa by July 1st 2005. All cocoa from this area would be certified as free from child labour. The governments would also be required by the protocol to establish monitoring systems and also issue certificates which describe the current state of child labour and forced labour in the cocoa sub-sector and efforts being employed to improve on the situation where necessary. Given the competing interests and values involved, child labour cannot be eradicated solely through domestic regulatory mechanisms and actions (Garcia and Jun, 2005). The inclusion of social responsibility and in particular avoidance of child labour in corporate strategies became inevitable for chocolate manufacturers to avoid the wrath of the public. A greater commitment to social responsibility on the part of corporations has been one solution put forth by some academics, government agencies, and development institutions to mitigate some of these negative impacts and help companies contribute more to socio-economic development in its broadest sense. Can the industry live up to its CSR commitments in relation to the cocoa industry? The concept of CSR is not new. Steiner Steiner (2006) trace its origins to the philanthropic work of John D. Rockfeller and Andrew Carnegie who gave away millions for social causes. The more contemporary understanding of CSR can be traced to Bowen (1954) who argued that managers have an ethical duty to take into consideration, broader social impacts of their decisions, and those corporations who act differently should not be seen as legitimate. In the elimination of child labour, the concerns include reducing and eliminating the use of persistent toxic pesticides and fungicides, preserving the value of cocoa agro forests, improving the social and economic status of the smallholder and labourers as well as maintaining a fair price for the commodity. These measures would ensure a sustainable production of the commodity and at same time increase household incomes and as a result reduce and eventually eli minate incidence of child labour. 1.3 The dissertation seeks to: Highlight the steps taken by countries involved to tackle child labour; Draw attention to country responses and responsiveness, to the initiatives employed by chocolate manufacturers. Elaborate on the industry response in the wake of child labour allegations within the cocoa industry. Identify CSR initiatives employed by chocolate manufacturers both individually and collectively to combat child labour. The issue of child labour has been alleged in all the five cocoa producing countries of West Africa namely Cà ´te d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo and Cameroon. However, due to lack of available data, this study will be limited to two countries: Cà ´te d’Ivoire which is the leading world cocoa producer and Ghana whose economy also largely depends on cocoa production and export. The first chapter has provided the background information on child labour and the purpose of this study. The remainder of the dissertation is structured as follows: Chapter two provides information on literature on the causes of child labour, corporate social responsibility as an essential tool to combat child labour, the link between the chocolate industry and child labour and the steps taken to eliminate the practice in the cocoa chain. Chapter three discusses the methods use in carrying out the study. Chapter four provides information on Cà ´te d’Ivoire and Ghana, the two countries involved in the present study. It also outlines their contribution to the elimination of child labour. Chapter five is a case study analysis of three chocolate manufacturing companies to get an insight into their CSR strategies. The case study will show the commitment and the strategy employed to approach the issue of child labour. Chapter six draws upon the case study findings. The final chapter will draw conclusions to support the hypothesis formulated in this study. Recommendations will also be formulated based on the results from the case study analysis. Chapter Two 2.1 Literature Review Introduction In recent years, there has been a surge of empirical work on child labour as well as literature regarding the plight of children working as child labourers in cocoa plantations in West Africa. The issue has attracted considerable policy and public attention over the last decade either due to self recognition or outcry from the public. Public interest in child labour seems to have been motivated by increased theoretical work and publicity by the press. Documentaries exposing the conditions to which the children are subjected aroused public awareness. The rise in interest could also be attributed to increased trade and globalization which have raised awareness about the pervasiveness of child labour and elevated concerns among rich country residents about their role in its perpetuation (Edmonds 2007).The unease about child labour as a human rights issue and its implication for the long term growth and development through its interaction with education is of great concern not just for individual countries but also for the international community. This practice is viewed as a threat to sustainable development in developing countries. Articles published between 2001 and 2002 in the wake of the child labour accusations highlighted the immorality of the practice. The horrors experienced by the children who are sometimes trafficked and even sold off by their families. The treatment meted out to them is inhumane even as they work under unacceptable conditions (Edwards et al, 2001). Some of the children engage in activity that is physically damaging or even morally objectionable (Cigno 2004). It can also be said that objectionable forms of child work have an opportunity cost in terms of forgone education. It can also bring immediate benefit to families who in this case will be the only means of survival. Child labour not only hampers the growth of human resources, it also reduces the individual’s education achievement as well as the effect and quality of the education system thereby continuing the poverty cycle (Rena, 2009). Udry 2003, further buttresses this fact by stating that the primary cost of child labour is the associated reduction in investment in the child’s human capital which occurs primarily because child labour interferes with schooling. With conflicting reports on the extent of the practice, a research â€Å"Child labour in the Cocoa Sector of West Africa† (IITA, August 2002) revealed that the figures of children working was not as high as was initially thought but that the children worked under unacceptable conditions exposed to long work hours, pesticides and other hazardous spraying agents. In addition, the Financial Times, (Circulation 477, 476 of August 7, 2002) and Business Respect (Issue Number 37 of August 20, 2002) agreed with the conclusions. These findings go to buttress the earlier conclusions of a meeting of the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Minister of State with representatives of Cà ´te d’Ivoire, Ghana and members of the cocoa and chocolate industry. (Anti-slavery news, May 4th 2001). The successful elimination of this form of labour is one of the most urgent policy objectives of this decade (Busse et al, 2003). It has gradually developed from a matter of regional and national concern to one that would trigger International debates and global persuasion as well as policy intervention (Basu and Tzannatos (2003). Busse et al (2003) carried out an empirical study on the notion that multinationals invest in countries where the incidence of child labour is relatively high and, secondly, the concern that countries may gain an unfair comparative advantage in trade by using child labour. The results indicate that multinationals are highly sensitive with respect to the location of their subsidiaries and prefer countries with lower levels of child labour for fear of aggression from the public and international community. Causes of Child Labour Poverty is the major cause of child labour. In a landmark paper on The Economics of Child Labor published in the American Economic Review (1998), Basu and Van argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty. Grootaert (1998) and Udry (2003) argue that poverty and child labour are mutually reinforcing: given that children of poor parents end up working and not attend school and the cycle of poverty continues. Kruger (2004) concludes that children only work when the family is unable to meet their basic needs and poorer children stand the greater risk of being withdrawn from school during production periods. This is further accentuated by Kruger et al (2007) which states that increased parental wages and household level of income are associated with lower child labour and higher school attendance. Household poverty is a very powerful motive of child labour and working comes at the expense of schooling because the income is essential for survival (Strulik 2008). Edmonds and Schady (2008). Basu et al (2007) provide recent discussions on the extent to which child labour is influenced by the income among poor households to show that the strong causal relationship between poverty and child labour. Increased trade and globalization might have contributed to the awareness of child labour but it could also be a reason as to why child labour is in demand. In trying to link globalization and child labour, Dinopoulous and Zhao (2006) cite Maskus (1997) two-sector specific factors model, in which child labour is modelled as a specific factor employed in the exportable sector and adult labour is modelled as the mobile factor. They conclude that trade liberalization raises the output of the exportable sector and increases the demand for child labour as well as child wage. They also state that trade liberalization raises the price of unskilled-intensive goods as well as guarantees a market for goods produced using child labour and reduces the returns to education. This can clearly lead to an increase in the incidence of child labour. In analyzing the effects of trade openness in a dynamic model of child labour and debt bondage, Basu and Chau (2004) discovered that trade openness increases the short run supply of child labour but this does not affect the long run incidence of child labour. In a 2005 study carried out by Neumayer and DeSoysa in which they used both Foreign Direct Investment and trade openness to explain child labour, they concluded that countries with higher levels of trade and FDI had lower incidences of child labour. Davies and Voy (2007) finds that there is no robust effect of either FDI or International trade on child labour. Using 1995 data for 145 countries, they find that FDI is negatively correlated with child labour but when controlling per capita income, the effect disappears. Even cost benefit analysis by Nielsen (1998), Canagarajah et al (1998), show that annual Gross Domestic Products (GDP) decreases by 1-2% due to the use of child labour. Why then is child labour still being utilized if it is marginally less costly than adult labour? Levison et al 1996 suggest that it might be because children are less aware of their rights and more willing to take orders without complaining. Mehra-Kerpelman (1996), further explains that in households where parents are poor this is regarded as cheap labour that makes it possible to maintain the household budget. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR may be defined, consistent with McWilliams and Siegel (2001), as actions on the part of a firm that appear to advance the promotion of some social good beyond the immediate interests of the firm/shareholders and beyond legal requirements. While some scholars argue that CSR type programs and policies were originally adopted in the mid twentieth century to avoid criticisms of social and environmental misconduct (Gutierrez and Jones, 2005); Micklethwait and Woodridge (2005) argue that many more companies are viewing CSR as a way to reduce the negative social and environmental impacts their businesses have and to maximize the positive impact of their investment, particularly in developing countries (Blowfield, 2005). There is a growing body of evidence which asserts that corporations can be profitable not only by protecting the interest of their shareholders but by also engaging in actions that will be beneficial to their stakeholders (Pohle and Hittner, 2008). Davis et al (2006) state that while CSR came into existence largely out of commitments by companies to their employees and to communities where they were located, all that has changed in that, corporations can now be held accountable for practices within their supply chain. Amaeshi et al (2006) further states that CSR often makes multinationals uncomfortable as they are often challenged by the global reach of their supply chains and the possible irresponsible practices that could occur along these chains. The mere possibility of the existence of irresponsible practices puts firms under pressure to protect their brands even if it means assuming responsibilities for the practices of independent groups along their supply chain. Some studies have shown that socially responsible firms will financially outperform rival firms by attracting socially responsible consumers (Bagnoli and Watts, 2003), and will eliminate any concerns from activists and pressure groups (Baron, 2001). Well-known companies have already proven that they can differentiate their brands and reputations as well as their products and services if they take responsibility for the welfare of the societies and environment in which they operate. These companies are practicing CSR in a manner that generates significant returns to their business. CSR, though a major instrument to tackle child labour could have a limited effect on eliminating child labour if codes are not specific, strictly implemented and monitored, and combined with alternative arrangements (Kolk and Tulder, 2004). In offering an institutional theory of CSR, Campbell (2007) argues that the relationship between basic economic conditions and corporate behaviour is linked by several institutional conditions: public and private regulation, the presence of NGO’s and other organisations that monitor corporate behaviour, institutionalized norms regarding appropriate behaviour, associative behaviour among corporations themselves, and organized dialogues among corporations and their stakeholders. It is therefore not surprising that chocolate producers are encountering extensive pressure from consumers, community groups, government, non-governmental groups and other pressure groups to engage in CSR as a means to eradicating child labour (Morrison et al, 2006). From an economic perspective, companies would be expected to engage in such activities if the perceived benefits could exceed the associated costs which in this case could be a total boycott of their products. Some theories in CSR show that companies engage in â€Å"profit-maximizing† CSR based on anticipated benefits which might include reputation management (Baron, 2001), (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). Davis et al 2006 argue that â€Å"CSR (understood as actions a company takes that are not legally mandated but are intended to have a positive impact on stakeholders, broadly construed) is challenged by the changing shape of the contemporary multinational corporation†. Should large firms be involved in poverty alleviation instead of simply contributing to output and employment? (Hopkins 2003). The UK’s Department for International Development suggests that businesses have an important role to play in the economic growth of a country which is essential to reduce world poverty. This they can achieve through their own policies and practices. â€Å"By following socially responsible practices, the growth generated by the private sector will be more inclusive, equitable and poverty reducing† (www.csr.gov.uk). CSR by its very nature is development carried out by the private sector, and it perfectly compliments the development efforts of governments and other multilateral development institutions. There is evidence to show that a firm cannot maximize value if it ignores the interest of its stakeholder (Jensen, 2001). This is further buttressed by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development publication Making Good Business Sense†, Lord Holmes and Richard Watts, define Corporate Social Responsibility as â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. The recent concerns of how profit should be considered in a broader context of productivity and social responsibility and how corporations can better serve both their employees and surrounding society. The European Coalition for Corporate Justice (ECCJ) at the Round Table Conference on Child Labour and Corporate Social Responsibility in May 2008 remarked that â€Å"recent progress on corporate accountability has been dominated by the development of voluntary initiatives†. These voluntary initiatives have not succeeded in preventing continued abuses of corporate power, because they do not provide strong enough incentives for compliance to offset the financial gains for non-compliance. They also fail to empower citizens and stakeholders to hold the companies accountable for their actions. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (OECD, 2000) calls for multinationals to â€Å"contribute to the effective abolition of child labour and â€Å"contribute to the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour†. Ignoring these guidelines could lead to damage in reputation (Orlitzky et al., 2003). â€Å"A good reputation enhances the value of everything an organisation does and says. A bad reputation devalues products and services and acts as a magnet that attracts further scorn† (Dowling, 2001). There are a number of challenges faced by states in the implementation of the OECD guidelines, but these are surmountable by strengthening the existing implementation system of the National Contact Points. However, there are positive growing trends movement arguing for more effective regulation of corporations relating to human rights at national and international levels (Cernic 2008). Chocolate Industry Response To Tackle Child Labour A: The link between chocolate and cocoa implicates the consumers in the encouragement of child labour (Raghavan et al 2001 article in the Knight Ridder Newspaper). This is further emphasized by the Ted Case Studies Number 664, 2002 which implicates the entire international economic community, the Ivorian government, farmers, the chocolate manufacturers and consumers who unknowingly buy chocolate in encouraging this practice (Samlanchith Chanthavong, 2002). The cocoa and chocolate industries, in conjunction with the ILO, other non-governmental organisations, the United States (US) government agencies and the affected African governments signed a voluntary and non-legislative protocol. The Harkin-Engel Protocol 2001, signed by the World Cocoa Foundation and Cocoa Manufacturers Association was aimed at developing a â€Å"credible, mutually acceptable system of industry-wide global standards, along with independent monitoring and reporting, to identify and eliminate† the worst forms of child labour as defined by ILO Convention 182 and certification that cocoa used or related products is void of child labour. ILO Press Release (ILO/01/32) of October 1, 2001 lauded this initiative and pledged to work in partnership with the cocoa industry to eliminate this form of labour. In 2001, with the establishment of the International Cocoa Initiative (ICI) whose main objective was to work towards responsible labour standards for cocoa growing, it was clear that the entire cocoa sector was ready to get involved and this proved their committed to the fight against child labour. A general statement by the European Cocoa Association (ECA) on 19th April 2001, affirmed it was fully committed to sustainable development in cocoa producing countries and does not tolerate practices such as slavery and child labour [and that it] remains fully committed to maintain pressure on the relevant authorities, and to pursue all avenues in order to eliminate such practices where they are proven to occur. In a further communiquà © on August 2, 2001 the ECA was concerned about the allegations and the extent of the problem and decided to first update the information they had on the scale of the practice. B: Despite general acceptance that child labour is harmful and in spite of international outcry and Accords aimed at its eradication, progress on lowering the incidence has been very slow. Child labour eradication is at the top of the agenda of the millennium development goals which hopes to achieve this by 2015. Rena 2009, states that the research on child labour represents a new area of knowledge for policymakers especially regarding education and poverty reduction programmes. It further states that increased opportunities and increased welfare reduces child labour. Industry enforcement can only be effective depending on the mode of enforcement. As many labour relationships are in informal settings within family enterprises, enforcement is often very difficult (Basu and Tzannatos (2003). Krueger and Donohue (2002) conclude that an economically active child is less likely to receive education. If income gained by the economically active child is significant for the household, then the policy makers deciding whether or not to adopt child labour legislation would face important trade-offs between distorting private decisions and correcting potential inefficiencies arising from externalities. Doepke and Zilibotti (2005) discuss the introduction of laws from an historic perspective. They suggest that child labour laws can be triggered by skill-biased technological change that induces parents to choose smaller families as occurred in the U.K. in the nineteenth century. Regulations were introduced only after the factory system which was preceded by a period of rising wage inequality, and coincided with rapidly declining fertility rates. On their part, Ceroni et al (2003) present their study as a two-stage game. Firms decide on innovation and households decide on education. In equilibrium the presence of child labour depends on parameters related to technology, parents’ altruism and the diffusion of firm property. When child labour exists, it is as a result of either firms reluctance to innovate or households unwillingness to educate or both. Therefore, the elimination of child labour would largely depend crucially on its underlying cause. They conclude that, in some cases, while compulsory schooling laws or an outright ban on child labour are both welfare-reducing, a subsidy to innovation is the right tool to eliminate child labour and increase welfare. Garcia and Jun (2005) consider that International trade sanctions are a logical avenue to confront child labour, by eliminating the commercial opportunities available for such goods. However, they state that it is not clear if domestic child labour sanctions would survive legal challenges under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) law as currently interpreted. For international trade law to serve as a viable strategy for the elimination of the practice there must first be a clear theoretical and doctrinal case for the WTO-consistency of domestic child labour-based sanctions. Basu and Van (1998), caution against the rush to exercise a legislative ban against child labour. They argue that this should only be put in place when there is clear reason to do so especially if, it would lead to a rise in adult wages which will adequately compensate the household of the poor children. If this is done otherwise, then it will only lead them to more extreme poverty. Conclusion Despite the global initiative, the incidence of child labour shows no sign of decline as it brings immediate benefit to some families buttressing the fact that the root cause is abject poverty (Cigno, 2004). International organisations as well as national development agencies are embracing and encouraging CSR in the hope that the private sector can play a lead role achieving developmental goals which include eradicating poverty, and developing the social infrastructure in the rural communities such as providing education and health improvements. However, in a recent report published by the International Labour Organisation in 2006, it confirms that the challenge in the fight against child labour in the world continues to be daunting but there is evidence that a breakthrough was in the making. The report highlights that there is already evidence of encouraging reduction in child labour, especially its worst forms. The number of child labourers globally fell by 11 percent between 2002 and 2006. They are confident that with the combination of political will, resources and the right policy choices, this evil practice could definitely be put to an end. Exasperating and discouraging for developing countries is the fact that exports remain severely hampered by massive domestic support and export subsidy programs in developed countries through high tariffs and the difficulties in the implementation of the tariff-quota system (Chaudhuri and Kumar, (2005). More damaging for the cocoa export market is the adoption of Directive 2000/36/EC by the European Union which allows chocolate manufacturers to replace cocoa butter with cheaper vegetable fats. This in itself threatens the domestic food security of cocoa producing countries and undermines their export potentials (High beam Research, 2003). This position is further highlighted by a report to the European Union by LMC international on the impact of Directive 2000